The Role of Tranexamic Acid in the Prevention of Perioperative Hemorrhage

Authors

  • Iqra Imtiaz
  • Sana Fatima Shalimar Hospital Lahore
  • Abu Haraira Sabir
  • Hira Ashraf

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.48111/2022.02.04

Keywords:

tranexamic acid, prevention of hemorrhage, intraoperative, general surgery, perioperative, antifibrinolytic

Abstract

IMPORTANCE Significant blood loss can occur as a result of trauma, surgery, anticoagulation, obstetric complications, and hemostatic disorders. As there are many diverse causes of hemorrhage, the availability of a clinically safe and effective hemostatic agent is the need of the hour. Tranexamic acid is one of the most commonly used and widely researched anti-fibrinolytic agents. Its role in trauma-associated, postoperative, and postpartum hemorrhage has been well recognized. However, the utility of tranexamic acid goes farther than these common indications, supported by accruing data suggesting its ability to reduce blood loss along with improvement in clinical outcomes in many hemostatic challenges without increasing thromboembolic risk.

OBJECTIVE To review the clinical application and effectiveness of tranexamic acid in the prevention of intraoperative hemorrhage.

METHODS: Secondary data were selected by utilizing three steps; identification of 490 articles, recruitment of 116 articles, and selection of 61 articles for the systematic review. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were designed according to PRISMA protocol.

RESULTS Tranexamic acid has reduced perioperative hemorrhage and blood transfusion requirements in elective surgical procedures. Many studies established the efficacy of tranexamic acid and its safety without raising thromboembolic risk, precipitating kidney failure, or their complications.

CONCLUSION In multiple clinical scenarios, tranexamic acid has proven to prevent hemorrhage without increasing thromboembolic risk and has broad-spectrum clinical indications. However, more caution and regulatory guidelines need to be established to prevent the rare incidence of complications so as thromboembolism and seizures.

References

Maddali MM, Rajakumar MC. Tranexamic acid and primary coronary artery bypass surgery: a prospective study. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann. 2007;15(4):313-319. doi:10.1177/021849230701500410

Poeran J, Rasul R, Suzuki S, et al. Tranexamic acid use and postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing total hip or knee arthroplasty in the United States: retrospective analysis of effectiveness and safety. BMJ. 2014;349. doi:10.1136/BMJ.G4829

Cai J, Ribkoff J, Olson S, et al. HHS Public Access. 2020;104(2):79-87. doi:10.1111/ejh.13348.The

Koh A, Adiamah A, Gomez D, Sanyal S. Safety and Efficacy of Tranexamic Acid to Minimise Perioperative Bleeding in Hepatic Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. World J Surg. 2022;46(2):441-449. doi:10.1007/S00268-021-06355-2

Hunt BJ. The current place of tranexamic acid in the management of bleeding. Anaesthesia. 2015;70 Suppl 1:e18-53. doi:10.1111/ANAE.12910

Chornenki NLJ, Um KJ, Mendoza PA, et al. Risk of venous and arterial thrombosis in non-surgical patients receiving systemic tranexamic acid: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Thromb Res. 2019;179:81-86. doi:10.1016/J.THROMRES.2019.05.003

SJ K, Ethiraj P, Shanthappa AH, Vellingiri K. Is Tranexamic Acid Safe and Efficacious in Hip Surgeries? Cureus. 2022;14(1). doi:10.7759/CUREUS.21249

Ker K, Prieto-Merino D, Roberts I. Systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of the effect of tranexamic acid on surgical blood loss. Br J Surg. 2013;100(10):1271-1279. doi:10.1002/BJS.9193

Ferraris VA, Brown JR, Despotis GJ, et al. 2011 update to the Society of Thoracic Surgeons and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists blood conservation clinical practice guidelines. Ann Thorac Surg. 2011;91(3):944-982. doi:10.1016/J.ATHORACSUR.2010.11.078

Rossaint R, Bouillon B, Cerny V, et al. The European guideline on management of major bleeding and coagulopathy following trauma: fourth edition. Crit Care. 2016;20(1). doi:10.1186/S13054-016-1265-X

Kozek-Langenecker SA, Afshari A, Albaladejo P, et al. Management of severe perioperative bleeding: guidelines from the European Society of Anaesthesiology. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2013;30(6):270-382. doi:10.1097/EJA.0B013E32835F4D5B

Hess JR, Brohi K, Dutton RP, et al. The coagulopathy of trauma: a review of mechanisms. J Trauma. 2008;65(4):748-754. doi:10.1097/TA.0B013E3181877A9C

Schöchl H, Cadamuro J, Seidl S, et al. Hyperfibrinolysis is common in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: results from a prospective observational thromboelastometry study. Resuscitation. 2013;84(4):454-459. doi:10.1016/J.RESUSCITATION.2012.08.318

Cotton BA, Harvin JA, Kostousouv V, et al. Hyperfibrinolysis at admission is an uncommon but highly lethal event associated with shock and prehospital fluid administration. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;73(2):365-370. doi:10.1097/TA.0B013E31825C1234

Olldashi F, Kerçi M, Zhurda T, et al. Effects of tranexamic acid on death, vascular occlusive events, and blood transfusion in trauma patients with significant haemorrhage (CRASH-2): A randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2010;376(9734):23-32. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60835-5

Sydenham E. Thousands of lives could be saved using tranexamic acid for patients with bleeding trauma. Inj Prev. 2011;17(3):211. doi:10.1136/INJURYPREV-2011-040059

Morrison JJ, Dubose JJ, Rasmussen TE, Midwinter MJ. Military Application of Tranexamic Acid in Trauma Emergency Resuscitation (MATTERs) Study. Arch Surg. 2012;147(2):113-119. doi:10.1001/ARCHSURG.2011.287

Morrison JJ, Ross JD, Dubose JJ, Jansen JO, Midwinter MJ, Rasmussen TE. Association of cryoprecipitate and tranexamic acid with improved survival following wartime injury: findings from the MATTERs II Study. JAMA Surg. 2013;148(3):218-225. doi:10.1001/JAMASURG.2013.764

Rossaint R, Bouillon B, Cerny V, et al. Management of bleeding following major trauma: an updated European guideline. Crit Care. 2010;14(2). doi:10.1186/CC8943

Caglar GS, Tasci Y, Kayikcioglu F, Haberal A. Intravenous tranexamic acid use in myomectomy: a prospective randomized double-blind placebo controlled study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2008;137(2):227-231. doi:10.1016/J.EJOGRB.2007.04.003

Sujata N, Tobin R, Kaur R, Aneja A, Khanna M, Hanjoora VM. Randomized controlled trial of tranexamic acid among parturients at increased risk for postpartum hemorrhage undergoing cesarean delivery. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2016;133(3):312-315. doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2015.09.032

Liu J, Wang H, Wu X, Lei Y, Huang W. Not all patients benefit from the postoperative antifibrinolytic treatment: clinical evidence against the universal use of tranexamic acid following total knee arthroplasty. J Orthop Surg Res. 2022;17(1):59. doi:10.1186/S13018-022-02958-0

De Leede-van der Maarl MG, Hilkens P, Bosch F. The epileptogenic effect of tranexamic acid. J Neurol. 1999;246(9):843. doi:10.1007/S004150050466

Liu Y, Shan D, Tian P, Li Z, Xu G, Fu X. Peri-Articular Injection of Tranexamic Acid Reduce Blood Loss and Transfusion Requirement During Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Meta-analysis. Geriatr Orthop Surg Rehabil. 2022;13:215145932211012. doi:10.1177/21514593221101264

Balik M, Kosina J, Husek P, Pacovsky J, Brodak M, Cecka F. Can the prophylactic administration of tranexamic acid reduce the blood loss after robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy? Robotic Assisted Radical Prostatectomy with tranEXamic acid (RARPEX): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2022;23(1):508. doi:10.1186/S13063-022-06447-X

Cvetanovich GL, Fillingham YA, O’Brien M, et al. Tranexamic acid reduces blood loss after primary shoulder arthroplasty: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, prospective, randomized controlled trial. JSES Open Access. 2018;2(1):23-27. doi:10.1016/J.JSES.2018.01.002

Gao HL, Zhang JC, He Y, Zhai WT, Xiao LB, Shi Q. [Clinical study on the control of intra-articular hemorrhage by tranexamic acid after shoulder arthroscopy]. Zhongguo Gu Shang. 2020;33(3):238-241. doi:10.12200/J.ISSN.1003-0034.2020.03.010

Shimizu K, Toda Y, Iwasaki T, et al. Effect of tranexamic acid on blood loss in pediatric cardiac surgery: A randomized trial. J Anesth. 2011;25(6):823-830. doi:10.1007/S00540-011-1235-Z

Karanicolas PJ, Lin Y, McCluskey S, et al. Protocol: Tranexamic acid versus placebo to reduce perioperative blood transfusion in patients undergoing liver resection: protocol for the haemorrhage during liver resection tranexamic acid (HeLiX) randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open. 2022;12(2):29. doi:10.1136/BMJOPEN-2021-058850

Nr A, Gesellschaft D, Luisenstr L, et al. S3 – Leitlinie Polytrauma /. (012).

Querschnitts-Leitlinien (BÄK) zur Therapie mit Blutkomponenten und Plasmaderivaten – Gesamtnovelle 2020.

Roberts I, Shakur H, Coats T, et al. The CRASH-2 trial: a randomised controlled trial and economic evaluation of the effects of tranexamic acid on death, vascular occlusive events and transfusion requirement in bleeding trauma patients. Health Technol Assess. 2013;17(10):1-80. doi:10.3310/HTA17100

Cole E, Davenport R, Willett K, Brohi K. Tranexamic acid use in severely injured civilian patients and the effects on outcomes: a prospective cohort study. Ann Surg. 2015;261(2):390-394. doi:10.1097/SLA.0000000000000717

Nadler R, Gendler S, Benov A, Strugo R, Abramovich A, Glassberg E. Tranexamic acid at the point of injury: the Israeli combined civilian and military experience. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2014;77(3 Suppl 2). doi:10.1097/TA.0000000000000325

Kukreja P, Johnson BM, Traylor C, et al. Comparison of the Utilization of Tranexamic Acid and Tourniquet Use in Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Retrospective Case Series. Cureus. 2022;14(5). doi:10.7759/CUREUS.24842

Koh A, Adiamah A, Gomez D, Sanyal S. Safety and efficacy of tranexamic acid in minimizing perioperative bleeding in extrahepatic abdominal surgery: meta-analysis. BJS Open. 2021;5(2). doi:10.1093/BJSOPEN/ZRAB004

Henry DA, Carless PA, Moxey AJ, et al. Anti-fibrinolytic use for minimising perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion. Cochrane database Syst Rev. 2007;(4). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001886.PUB2

Compton E, Goldstein RY, Nazareth A, Shymon SJ, Andras L, Kay RM. Tranexamic acid use decreases transfusion rate in children with cerebral palsy undergoing proximal femoral varus derotational osteotomy. Medicine (Baltimore). 2022;101(2). doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000028506

Dunning J, Versteegh M, Fabbri A, et al. Guideline on antiplatelet and anticoagulation management in cardiac surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2008;34(1):73-92. doi:10.1016/J.EJCTS.2008.02.024

(PDF) Gerinnungsstabilisierung bei Polytrauma: Immer Tranexamsäure?

Pabinger I, Fries D, Schöchl H, Streif W, Toller W. Tranexamic acid for treatment and prophylaxis of bleeding and hyperfibrinolysis. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2017;129(9-10):303-316. doi:10.1007/S00508-017-1194-Y/TABLES/2

Pabinger I, Fries D, Schöchl H, Streif W, Toller W. Tranexamic acid for treatment and prophylaxis of bleeding and hyperfibrinolysis. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2017;129(9):303. doi:10.1007/S00508-017-1194-Y

Alhomoud H. The Effect of Tranexamic Acid on Blood Loss during Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy. doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10033-1266

Zhang S, Wang C, Shi L, Xue Q. Multi-route applications of tranexamic acid to reduce blood loss after total knee arthroplasty: a randomized controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98(30). doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000016570

Goswami U, Sarangi S, Gupta S, Babbar S. Comparative evaluation of two doses of tranexamic acid used prophylactically in anemic parturients for lower segment cesarean section: A double-blind randomized case control prospective trial. Saudi J Anaesth. 2013;7(4):427-431. doi:10.4103/1658-354X.121077

Prasad R, Patki A, Padhy S, Ramchandran G. Single intravenous bolus versus perioperative continuous infusion of tranexamic acid to reduce blood loss in abdominal oncosurgical procedures: A prospective randomized double-blind clinical study. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol. 2018;34(4):529. doi:10.4103/JOACP.JOACP_122_17

Zha GC, Zhu XR, Wang L, Li HW. Tranexamic acid reduces blood loss in primary total hip arthroplasty performed using the direct anterior approach: a one-center retrospective observational study. J Orthop Traumatol. 2022;23(1):12. doi:10.1186/S10195-022-00638-7

Ek ET, Wang KK, Bohan CM, Goulding NJ, Jamieson RP. Role of Tranexamic Acid in Arthroscopic Osteocapsular Release of the Elbow for Degenerative Arthritis. Orthop J Sport Med. 2022;10(4). doi:10.1177/23259671221089608

Huynh PAN, Miller M, Will R. Intravenous Tranexamic Acid Decreases Blood Transfusions and Blood Loss for Patients with Surgically Treated Hip Fractures. Geriatr Orthop Surg Rehabil. 2021;12:1-5. doi:10.1177/21514593211063668

Mao Z, Yue B, Wang Y, Yan M, Dai K. A comparative, retrospective study of peri-articular and intra-articular injection of tranexamic acid for the management of postoperative blood loss after total knee arthroplasty. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2016;17(1). doi:10.1186/S12891-016-1293-3

Pinsornsak P, Phunphakchit J, Boontanapibul K. Efficacy and Systemic Absorption of Peri-articular Versus Intra-articular Administration of Tranexamic Acid in Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial. Arthroplast Today. 2021;11:1. doi:10.1016/J.ARTD.2021.06.005

Yozawa S, Ogawa H, Matsumoto K, Akiyama H. Periarticular Injection of Tranexamic Acid Reduces Blood Loss and the Necessity for Allogeneic Transfusion After Total Knee Arthroplasty Using Autologous Transfusion: A Retrospective Observational Study. J Arthroplasty. 2018;33(1):86-89. doi:10.1016/J.ARTH.2017.08.018

Abbas AM, Shady NW, Sallam HF. Bilateral uterine artery ligation plus intravenous tranexamic acid during cesarean delivery for placenta previa: a randomized double-blind controlled trial. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod. 2019;48(2):115-119. doi:10.1016/J.JOGOH.2018.10.023

Abdul IF, Amadu MB, Adesina KT, Olarinoye AO, Omokanye LO. Adjunctive use of tranexamic acid to tourniquet in reducing haemorrhage during abdominal myomectomy - A randomized controlled trial. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2019;242:150-158. doi:10.1016/J.EJOGRB.2019.09.010

Boylan JF, Klinck JR, Sandler AN, et al. Tranexamic Acid Reduces Blood Loss, Transfusion Requirements, and Coagulation Factor Use in Primary Orthotopic Liver Transplantation. Anesthesiology. 1996;85(5):1043-1048. doi:10.1097/00000542-199611000-00012

Monaco F, Nardelli P, Pasin L, et al. Tranexamic acid in open aortic aneurysm surgery: a randomised clinical trial. Br J Anaesth. 2020;124(1):35-43. doi:10.1016/J.BJA.2019.08.028/ATTACHMENT/3E55FD8E-F683-40EB-955F-7DDA63AAE1B6/MMC1.DOCX

A. SD, Kapoor D, Gopal PBN, Subrahmanyam M, Ravichandra RS. Effect of antifibrinolytic drugs on transfusion requirement and blood loss during orthotopic liver transplantation: Results from a single center. Asian J Transfus Sci. 2008;2(2):61. doi:10.4103/0973-6247.42693

YASSEN K, BELLAMY MC, SADEK SA, WEBSTER NR. Tranexamic acid reduces blood loss during orthotopic liver transplantation. Clin Transplant. 1993;7(5).

Goobie SM, Meier PM, Pereira LM, et al. Efficacy of Tranexamic Acid in Pediatric Craniosynostosis SurgeryA Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial. Anesthesiology. 2011;114(4):862-871. doi:10.1097/ALN.0B013E318210FD8F

Sethna NF, Zurakowski D, Brustowicz RM, Bacsik J, Sullivan LJ, Shapiro F. Tranexamic Acid Reduces Intraoperative Blood Loss in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Scoliosis Surgery. Anesthesiology. 2005;102(4):727-732. doi:10.1097/00000542-200504000-00006

Wu CC, Ho WM, Cheng S Bin, et al. Perioperative Parenteral Tranexamic Acid in Liver Tumor Resection: A Prospective Randomized Trial Toward a “Blood Transfusion”-Free Hepatectomy. Ann Surg. 2006;243(2):173. doi:10.1097/01.SLA.0000197561.70972.73

Dalmau A, Sabaté A, Acosta F, et al. Tranexamic acid reduces red cell transfusion better than ?-aminocaproic acid or placebo in liver transplantation. Anesth Analg. 2000;91(1):29-34. doi:10.1213/00000539-200007000-00006

Chauhan S, Das SN, Bisoi A, Kale S, Kiran U. Comparison of Epsilon Aminocaproic Acid and Tranexamic Acid in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2004;18(2):141-143. doi:10.1053/J.JVCA.2004.01.016

Kaspar M, Ramsay MAE, Nguyen AT, Cogswell M, Hurst G, Ramsay KJ. Continuous small-dose tranexamic acid reduces fibrinolysis but not transfusion requirements during orthotopic liver transplantation. Anesth Analg. 1997;85(2):281-285. doi:10.1097/00000539-199708000-00007

Sallam HF, Shady NW. Reducing Blood Loss During Abdominal Hysterectomy with Intravenous Versus Topical Tranexamic Acid: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial. J Obstet Gynaecol India. 2019;69(2):173. doi:10.1007/S13224-018-1149-X

Yoon JY, Park JH, Kim YS, Shin SJ, Yoo JC, Oh JH. Effect of tranexamic acid on blood loss after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty according to the administration method: a prospective, multicenter, randomized, controlled study. J Shoulder Elb Surg. 2020;29(6):1087-1095. doi:10.1016/J.JSE.2020.02.013

Gillespie R, Shishani Y, Joseph S, Streit JJ, Gobezie R. Neer Award 2015: A randomized, prospective evaluation on the effectiveness of tranexamic acid in reducing blood loss after total shoulder arthroplasty. J Shoulder Elb Surg. 2015;24(11):1679-1684. doi:10.1016/J.JSE.2015.07.029

Topsoee MF, Bergholt T, Ravn P, et al. Anti-hemorrhagic effect of prophylactic tranexamic acid in benign hysterectomy - A double-blinded randomized placebo-controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;215(1):72.e1-72.e8. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2016.01.184

Lundin ES, Johansson T, Zachrisson H, et al. Single-dose tranexamic acid in advanced ovarian cancer surgery reduces blood loss and transfusions: double-blind placebo-controlled randomized multicenter study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2014;93(4):335-344. doi:10.1111/AOGS.12333

Shahid A, Khan A. Tranexamic acid in decreasing blood loss during and after caesarean section. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2013;23(7):459-462. doi:07.2013/jcpsp.459462

Aggarwal V, Kapoor PM, Choudhury M, Kiran U, Chowdhury U. Utility of Sonoclot analysis and tranexamic acid in tetralogy of Fallot patients undergoing intracardiac repair. Ann Card Anaesth. 2012;15(1):26. doi:10.4103/0971-9784.91477

Fenger-Eriksen C, D’Amore Lindholm A, Nørholt SE, et al. Reduced perioperative blood loss in children undergoing craniosynostosis surgery using prolonged tranexamic acid infusion: a randomised trial. Br J Anaesth. 2019;122(6):760-766. doi:10.1016/J.BJA.2019.02.017

Bulutcu FS, Özbek U, Polat B, Yalçin Y, Karaci AR, Bayindir O. Which may be effective to reduce blood loss after cardiac operations in cyanotic children: Tranexamic acid, aprotinin or a combination? Paediatr Anaesth. 2005;15(1):41-46. doi:10.1111/J.1460-9592.2004.01366.X

Chauhan S, Bisoi A, Kumar N, et al. Dose comparison of tranexamic acid in pediatric cardiac surgery. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann. 2004;12(2):121-124. doi:10.1177/021849230401200208

Eldaba AA, Amr YM, Albirmawy OA. Effects of tranexamic acid during endoscopic sinsus surgery in children. Saudi J Anaesth. 2013;7(3):229. doi:10.4103/1658-354X.115314

Kang B xin, Li Y lin, Xu H, et al. Effect of Multiple Doses of Intravenous Tranexamic Acid on Perioperative Blood Loss in Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomized Controlled Study. Orthop Surg. 2021;13(1):126-133. doi:10.1111/OS.12850

Kim EJ, Kim YO, Shim KW, Ko BW, Lee JW, Koo BN. Effects of Tranexamic Acid Based on its Population Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Distraction Osteogenesis for Craniosynostosis: Rotational Thromboelastometry (ROTEMTM) Analysis. Int J Med Sci. 2018;15(8):788. doi:10.7150/IJMS.25008

Pauzenberger L, Domej MA, Heuberer PR, et al. The effect of intravenous tranexamic acid on blood loss and early post-operative pain in total shoulder arthroplasty. Bone Jt J. 2017;99B(8):1073-1079. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.99B8.BJJ-2016-1205.R1/ASSET/IMAGES/LARGE/BJJ-2016-1205.R1-GALLEYFIG7.JPEG

Wei Y, Zhang Y, Jin T, Wang H, Li J, Zhang D. Effects of Tranexamic Acid on Bleeding in Pediatric Surgeries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Surg. 2021;8:471. doi:10.3389/FSURG.2021.759937/BIBTEX

Hirose H, Ogawa H, Matsumoto K, Akiyama H. Periarticular injection of tranexamic acid promotes early recovery of the range of knee motion after total knee arthroplasty. J Orthop Surg. 2019;27(3). doi:10.1177/2309499019864693

Vara AD, Koueiter DM, Pinkas DE, Gowda A, Wiater BP, Wiater JM. Intravenous tranexamic acid reduces total blood loss in reverse total shoulder arthroplasty: a prospective, double-blinded, randomized, controlled trial. J Shoulder Elb Surg. 2017;26(8):1383-1389. doi:10.1016/J.JSE.2017.01.005

Kumar S, Randhawa MS, Ganesamoni R, Singh SK. Tranexamic acid reduces blood loss during percutaneous nephrolithotomy: A prospective randomized controlled study. J Urol. 2013;189(5):1757-1761. doi:10.1016/J.JURO.2012.10.115

Dadure C, Sauter M, Bringuier S, et al. Intraoperative Tranexamic Acid Reduces Blood Transfusion in Children Undergoing Craniosynostosis SurgeryA Randomized Double-blind Study. Anesthesiology. 2011;114(4):856-861. doi:10.1097/ALN.0B013E318210F9E3

Meissner F, Plötze K, Matschke K, Waldow T. Postoperative administration of tranexamic acid as approach to reduce blood loss after open-heart surgery. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc. 2020;76(1):43-49. doi:10.3233/CH-200836

Zonis Z, Secar M, Reichert C, Sett S, Allen C. The effect of preoperative tranexamic acid on blood loss after cardiac operations in children. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1996;111(5):982-987. doi:10.1016/S0022-5223(96)70374-4

Brum MR, Miura MS, Castro SF de, Machado GM, Lima LH, Neto JFL. Tranexamic acid in adenotonsillectomy in children: A double-blind randomized clinical trial. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2012;76(10):1401-1405. doi:10.1016/J.IJPORL.2012.04.028

Xie Q, Huang CJ, Gu KP, Yao YX. Circulation collapse caused by intracardiac thrombosis associated with tranexamic acid administration: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore). 2021;100(47):E27997. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000027997

Tranexamic Acid For the Prevention of Perioperative Bleeding - American College of Cardiology. Accessed July 10, 2022. https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/Articles/2022/06/28/17/48/Tranexamic-Acid-For-the-Prevention-of-Perioperative-Bleeding

Saleh AN, Mostafa RH. Increased Nociception Following Administration of Different Doses of Tranexamic Acid in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Surgery. Open Anesth J. 2018;12(1):61-68. doi:10.2174/2589645801812010061

Hurley ET, Lim Fat D, Pauzenberger L, Mullett H. Tranexamic acid for the Latarjet procedure: a randomized controlled trial. J Shoulder Elb Surg. 2020;29(5):882-885. doi:10.1016/J.JSE.2020.01.066

Liu YF, Hong CK, Hsu KL, et al. Intravenous Administration of Tranexamic Acid Significantly Improved Clarity of the Visual Field in Arthroscopic Shoulder Surgery. A Prospective, Double-Blind, and Randomized Controlled Trial. Arthrosc - J Arthrosc Relat Surg. 2020;36(3):640-647. doi:10.1016/J.ARTHRO.2019.10.020

Study Of Tranexamic Acid For The Reduction Of Blood Loss In Patients Undergoing Major Abdominal Surgery - Study Results - ClinicalTrials.gov. Accessed July 10, 2022. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/results/NCT00827931

Sentürk MB, Cakmak Y, Yildiz G, Yildiz P. Tranexamic acid for cesarean section: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2013;287(4):641-645. doi:10.1007/S00404-012-2624-8

Xu J, Gao W, Ju Y. Tranexamic acid for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage after cesarean section: A double-blind randomization trial. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2013;287(3):463-468. doi:10.1007/S00404-012-2593-Y

Downloads

Published

2022-06-30

How to Cite

Imtiaz, I., Sana Fatima, Sabir, A. H., & Ashraf, H. (2022). The Role of Tranexamic Acid in the Prevention of Perioperative Hemorrhage. Archives of Surgical Research, 3(2), 19-28. https://doi.org/10.48111/2022.02.04

Issue

Section

Original Research: Systematic Literature Review